1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 88: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol. December 2006.
2. Schull WJ. Effects of Atomic Radiation: A Half-Century of Studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1995.
3. Hernberg S. ‘‘Negative’’ results in cohort studies: How to recognize fallacies. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1981;7(suppl.4):121–26.
4. Axelson O. Negative and non-positive epidemiological studies. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2004;17(1):115–21.
5. Ward E, Carpenter A, Markowitz S et al. Excess number of bladder cancers in workers exposed to ortho-toluidine and aniline. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991;83(7):501–6.
6. Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1974;23(6):49–50.
7. Peto R, Gray R, Brantom P et al. Nitrosamine carcinogenesis in 5,120 rodents: Chronic administration of sixteen different concentrations of NDEA, NDMA, NPYR, and NPIP in the water of 4,440 inbred rats, with parallel studies on NDEA alone of the effect of age of starting (3, 6, or 20 weeks) and of species (rats, mice, or hamsters). IARC Sci Publ. 1984;57:627–65.
8. Littlefield NA, Farmer JH, Gaylor DW et al. Effects of dose and time in a long-term, low-dose carcinogenic study. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1980;3(3 Spec No.):17–34.
9. Peto R, Gray R, Brantom P et al. Effects on 4,080 rats of chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine: A detailed dose response study. Cancer Res. 1991;51(23 Pt 2):6415–51.
10. Peto R, Gray R, Brantom P et al. Dose and time relationships for tumor induction in the liver and esophagus of 4,080 inbred rats by chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine. Cancer Res. 1991;51(23 Pt 2):6452–69.
11. Contini S, Amendola A, Ziomas I. Benchmark exercise on major hazard analysis. Vol. 1: Description of the project; Discussion of the results and conclusions. Final Report. Luxembourg: Commission of European Communities, 1991. EUR 13386 EN.
12. Ruckelshaus WD. Risk in a free society. Environ Law Reporter. 1984;14: 10190.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Priorities List (NPL). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/index.htm. Accessed in June 2007.
14. Hamilton A. Benzene (benzol) poisoning. Arch Pathol. 1931:434–54 and 601–37.
15. Hunter FT. Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol). Part 2: The clinical effects. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 1939;21(8):331–54.
16. Mallory TB, Gall EA, Brickley WJ. Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol). Part 3: The pathologic results. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 1939;21(8):355–93.
17. Erf LA, Rhoads CP. The hematological effects of benzene (benzol) poisoning. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 1939;21(8):421–35.
18. Conklin G. Cancer and the environment. Sci Am. 1949;180(1):11–15.
19. Hueper WC. Cancer in its relation to occupation and environment. Bull Am Soc Control Cancer. June 1943;25:63–69.
20. Hueper WC. Environmental cancer [report]. Environmental Cancer Section, Cancer Control Branch, National Cancer Institute; November 1948.
21. Hueper WC. Industrial management and occupational cancer. JAMA. 1946;131:738– 41.
22. Hueper WC. Clinical aspects of occupational cancer. Public Health Rep. 1948:157–65.
23. Hueper WC. Occupational cancer hazards found in industry. Ind Hygiene Newsletter. 1949;9(12):7–9.
24. American Petroleum Institute. API Toxicological Review: Benzene. New York, 1948.
25. Eckardt RE. Recent developments in industrial carcinogens. J Occup Med. November 1973;15(11):904– 07.
26. Infante PF, Rinsky RA, Wagoner JK, et al. Leukaemia in benzene workers. Lancet. 1977;2(8028):76–78.
27. OSHA. Occupational exposure to benzene: Emergency temporary standard. Fed. Reg. 1977;42(85):22516–29.
28. Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, 44 U.S. 607 (July 2, 1980). Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Reader/docs/IndustUnion.pdf. Accessed in June 2007.
29. Rinsky RA, Smith AB, Hornung R et al. Benzene and leukemia: An epidemiologic risk assessment. NEJM. 1987;316(17):1044–50.
30. OSHA. Occupational exposure to benzene: Final rule. Fed. Reg. 1987;52:34460–578.
31. Lamm SH. Heterogeneity of the Akron and St. Mary’s plants. September 1, 1977. Post-hearing comments submitted to OSHA Docket H059, Exhibit no. 217–21-E.
32. McCraw DS, Joyner RE, Cole P. Excess leukemia in a refinery population. J Occup Med. 1985;27(3):220–22.
33. Austin H, Cole P, McCraw DS. A case-control study of leukemia at an oil refinery. J Occup Med. 1986;28(11):1169–73.
34. Honda Y, Delzell E, Cole P. An updated study of mortality among workers at a petroleum manufacturing plant. J Occup Environ Med. 1995;37(2):194–200.
35. Wong O, Morgan RW, Bailey WJ et al. An epidemiological study of petroleum refinery employees. Br J Ind Med. 1986;43(1):6–17.
36. Wong O, Harris F, Rosamilia K et al. An updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Beaumont, Texas, 1945 to 1996. J Occup Environ Med. 2001;43(4):384– 401.
37. Wong O, Harris F, Rosamilia K et al. Updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Torrance, California, 1959 to 1997. J Occup Environ Med. 2001;43(12):1089–102.
38. Huebner WW, Wojcik NC, Rosamilia K et al. Mortality updates (1970–1997) of two refinery/petrochemical plant cohorts at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Baytown, Texas. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46(12):1229–45.
39. Raabe GK, Wong O. Leukemia mortality by cell type in petroleum workers with potential exposure to benzene. Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104(suppl 6):1381–92.
40. Lamm SH, Walters AS, Wilson R, Byrd DM, Grunwald H. Consistencies and inconsistencies underlying the quantitative assessment of leukemia risk from benzene exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 1989;82:289–97.
41. Paxton MB, Chinchilli VM, Brett SM et al. Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the Pliofilm cohort. Part 1: Mortality update and exposure distribution. Risk Analysis. 1994;14(2):147–54.
42. Paxton MB, Chinchilli VM, Brett SM et al. Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the Pliofilm cohort. Part 2: Risk estimates. Risk Analysis. 1994;14(2):155–61.
43. Paxton MB. Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the Pliofilm cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104(suppl 6):1431–36.
44. Schnatter AR, Nicolich MJ, Bird MG. Determination of leukemogenic benzene exposure concentrations: Refined analyses of the Pliofilm cohort. Risk Analysis. 1996;16(6):833– 40.
45. van Raalte HGS, Grasso P. Hematological, myelotoxic, clastogenic, carcinogenic, and leukemogenic effects of benzene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1982;2:153–76.
46. Paustenbach DJ, Price PS, Ollison W et al. Reevaluation of benzene exposure for the Pliofilm (rubberworker) cohort (1936–1976). J Toxicol Environ Health. 1992;36:177–231.
47. Utterback DF, Rinsky RA. Benzene exposure assessment in rubber hydrochloride workers: A critical evaluation of previous estimates. Am J Ind Med. 1995;27(5):661–76.
48. Williams PRD, Paustenbach DJ. Reconstruction of benzene exposure for the Pliofilm cohort (1936–1976) using Monte Carlo techniques. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A. 2003;66(8):677–781.
49. Nilsson RI, Nordlinder R,Horte L-G et al. Leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma in seamen on tankers. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55:517–21.
50. ChemRisk. Contemporary projects of the month: Case involving benzene and the development of AML. July 2005. Available at: http://www.chemrisk.com/archives/july2005.htm. Acessed in October 2007.
51. Williams PRD, Robinson K, Paustenbach DJ. Benzene exposures associated with tasks performed on marine vessels (ca. 1975–2000). J Occup Environ Hygiene. 2005;2:586–99.
52. Hayes RB, Yin SN, Dosemeci M et al. Benzene and the dose-related incidence of hematologic neoplasms in China. Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, National Cancer Institute Benzene Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(14):1065–71.
53. Lan Q, Zhang L, Li G et al. Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science. December 3, 2004;306:1774–76.
54. Hurtley S, Szuromi P, eds. This week in Science: A little is still too much. Science. December 3, 2004;306:1647.
55. Hricko A. Rings of controversy around benzene. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102(3):276.
56. Wong O. A critique of the exposure assessment in the epidemiologic study of benzene-exposed workers in China conducted by the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and the U.S. National Cancer Institute. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999;30(3):259–367.
57. Budinsky RA, DeMott RP, Wernke MJ et al. An evaluation of modeled benzene exposure and dose estimates published in the Chinese-National Cancer Institute Collaborative Epidemiology Studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999;30:244–58.
58. Wong O. Investigations of benzene exposure, benzene poisoning, and malignancies in China. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2002;35(1):126–35.
59. Wong O, Fu H. Exposure to benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: An epidemiologic overview and an ongoing case-control study in Shanghai. Chem Biol Interact. 2005;153–54:33–41.
60. Wang L, Zhou Y, Liang Y et al. Benzene exposure in the shoemaking industry in China: A literature survey, 1978–2004. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006;46(2):149–56.
61. Twerdok L, Beatty P. Proposed studies on the risk of benzene-induced diseases in China: Costs and funding. Available at http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/Benzene_proposal.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.
62. Benzene Health Research Consortium. The Shanghai Health Study (Power-Point presentation). February 1, 2003. Available at http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/Benzene_Shanghai.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.
63. Parker CM (Marathon Oil). Memorandum to manager of Toxicology and Product Safety (Marathon Oil). Subject: International leveraged research proposal, 2000. Available at http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/Parker_proposal.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.